Can GLP-1 Medications Lower Cancer Risk?

Medications known as GLP-1 inhibitors—often prescribed for weight loss and diabetes—have gained a lot of attention in recent years. Drugs like semaglutide and liraglutide help regulate appetite and blood sugar, leading to meaningful weight loss for many people.

But could these medications also play a role in reducing cancer risk? Researchers are actively studying this question, especially because obesity is linked to several types of cancer.

The link between obesity and cancer

It is well established that obesity is associated with at least 13 types of cancer, including breast (post-menopausal), colorectal, endometrial, kidney, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers. Excess body weight can lead to chronic inflammation, hormone changes, and insulin resistance—all of which may contribute to cancer development.

“For many years, the cornerstone of cancer prevention for obesity-related cancers has been lifestyle change—healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight loss,” says James L. Wells III MD, hematologist oncologist at Lexington Health Cancer Center. “GLP-1 medications are generating interest because they can help patients achieve weight loss that may otherwise be very difficult.”

What does the research show so far?

Recent observational studies suggest that GLP-1 medications may be associated with a lower overall risk of cancer, particularly for cancers linked to obesity.

One large study published in JAMA Oncology found a 17% reduction in overall cancer risk among people using GLP-1 medications compared to a 9% reduction in people using other diabetes medications. The study showed notable reductions in the risk of endometrial cancer and meningiomas, a type of brain tumor.

“These early findings are encouraging,” Dr. Wells says. “They suggest that GLP-1 inhibitors may have benefits beyond weight loss, particularly when it comes to obesity-related cancers.”

However, researchers also noted a possible signal for an increased risk of kidney cancer in GLP-1 users. Importantly, this increase was not statistically significant, meaning it could have been due to chance. More research is needed before any firm conclusions can be made.

What about breast cancer?

New data are also emerging in breast cancer research. At the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, several large observational studies reported potential benefits of GLP-1 medications for breast cancer patients.

“While it’s still too early to broadly recommend GLP-1 inhibitors based solely on cancer data, these studies give us confidence to start having informed conversations with patients,” Dr. Wells explains. “The trend is moving in a positive direction, especially for cancer prevention and survivorship.”

Are GLP-1 medications safe for cancer survivors?

For most cancer survivors, GLP-1 medications may be safe, but there are important exceptions.

People with a personal or family history of certain endocrine cancers should not take GLP-1 inhibitors. These cancers are associated with a rare genetic condition called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN), types I and II.

MEN-related cancers include:

• Medullary thyroid cancer
• Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
• Duodenal gastrinomas
• Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors
• Adrenal tumors

“If a patient has a personal or family history of these specific endocrine cancers, GLP-1 inhibitors are not recommended,” says Dr. Wells. “That’s why it’s essential to talk with your care team before starting these medications.”

GLP-1s are a tool—not a replacement

While GLP-1 medications may help reduce obesity and potentially lower cancer risk, experts stress that they are not a substitute for healthy habits.

“GLP-1 inhibitors are another tool—not a magic solution,” Dr. Wells says. “We still need to emphasize diet, exercise, and physical activity as key components of cancer prevention.”

He also highlights the importance of sleep. Poor sleep has been linked to weight gain, metabolic issues, and increased cancer risk.

“Proper rest and focusing on healthy sleep habits are often overlooked,” he adds. “But they play an important role in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing cancer risk.”

What should patients do?

If you are considering a GLP-1 medication for weight loss or diabetes—and especially if you are a cancer survivor—talk with your healthcare provider. Together, you can review your medical history, family history, and personal goals to decide whether these medications are appropriate for you.

As research continues, GLP-1 inhibitors may become an increasingly important part of cancer prevention strategies, particularly for patients affected by obesity.

References

• JAMA Oncology: Observational studies on GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer risk

• San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: Emerging data on GLP-1 use in breast cancer patients