When cancer runs in a family, it can raise difficult questions. Is this just a coincidence, or could there be an inherited risk? For many people, genetic counseling can provide answers, guidance and peace of mind. Janice Davis-Ketchmore, a genetic counselor with Lexington Health Cancer Center, helps patients better understand their personal and family history so they can make informed decisions about their health.

"Genetic counseling is really about education and empowerment," Davis-Ketchmore says. "It gives patients the information they need to understand their cancer risk and decide what steps, if any, are right for them."

Certain types of cancer are more likely to be hereditary, including breast, colon, uterine, prostate, pancreatic and ovarian cancers. However, having a personal or family history of one of these cancers does not automatically indicate an inherited genetic mutation.

Genetic counseling may be recommended for people who have:

When evaluating family history, genetic counselors look beyond immediate relatives. Information about first-, second-, and third-degree relatives can help create a more complete picture of inherited risk.

"It's important for patients to know that meeting with a genetic counselor does not mean they have to undergo genetic testing," Davis-Ketchmore says. "It's simply an opportunity to learn more about their risk and explore their options."

Genetic counseling is a highly personalized process. During the appointment, Davis-Ketchmore reviews a patient's medical history, including any cancer diagnoses, treatments and screening history.

A significant portion of the visit focuses on building a detailed family tree, known as a pedigree, to identify patterns of cancer within the family. Patients are encouraged to gather as much family health information as possible beforehand.

If a patient decides to move forward with testing, the process is straightforward. It typically involves a simple blood draw, with results usually available within two to three weeks. Many patients choose to receive their results by phone, though in-person follow-up appointments are also available.

Because a person's genetic makeup does not change, testing is generally only needed once, unless there are significant updates to family history or advances in testing options.

In many cases, insurance covers genetic testing for patients who meet established eligibility guidelines. During the counseling appointment, Davis-Ketchmore reviews each patient's personal and family history to determine whether testing is likely to be covered.

Coverage and out-of-pocket costs vary by insurance plan and deductible. Financial assistance programs and self-pay options are also available for patients who do not qualify for insurance coverage.

For patients receiving treatment at Lexington Health Cancer Center, genetic counseling is provided at no additional cost.

The next steps depend on the results.

For patients with negative results, healthcare providers use personal and family history to guide routine cancer screenings and preventive care. A negative result does not always rule out an increased risk, especially when there is a strong family history.

For those with a positive result, recommendations may include earlier screenings, more frequent monitoring, or, in some cases, preventive surgery.

"We work closely with patients to help them understand exactly what their results mean," Davis-Ketchmore says. "Our goal is to help them feel confident about their next steps, both for themselves and for their family members."

Many people wonder whether genetic counseling is right for them. Even if you're unsure whether you meet testing criteria, a conversation with a genetic counselor can help clarify your options.

Genetic counseling offers more than test results. It provides education, support and a clearer understanding of your health, helping you and your loved ones make informed decisions for the future.